Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tube Manufacturer, AISI Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tube, Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tube, Pharma Sanitary Tube, Seamless Tubes, SS Pharma Sanitary Tubes Manufacturer, Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tubes, Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tubes, Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tubes Manufacturer in India, SS Pharma Sanitary Tubes Manufacturer in India
STAINLESS STEEL Pharma Sanitary Tubes Manufacturer in India, Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tubes Supplier, SS Pharma Sanitary Tubes Exporter, SS Pharma Sanitary Tube SUPPLIER, Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tube, Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tube, STAINLESS STEEL Pharma Sanitary Tube MANUFACTURER & SUPPLIERS IN INDIA.
Metal Ministry Inc. is Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Suppliers which have a sturdy factory finish which is broadly utilized for a wide range of creation projects that are presented to the components - substance, acidic, new water, and salt water conditions. 304 SS Sanitary Tube has inside and outside sweep corners, with a projecting inside weld crease. Clean SS Tubing are utilized for pressure tasks like moving fluids and gases in preparing activities in the water treatment, substance, petrochemical, food handling, journal and marine ventures. Clean Stainless Tube is for all primary applications where more noteworthy strength and prevalent erosion opposition is required. Trilok Steel Industries is specific as giving Stainless steel Sanitary Tube in Polished Grit 120 - 600 completion.
ASTM A270 clean tubing will be noted underneath focuses during assembling measures:
- Sanitary Seamless steel cylinder ought not contains any sort of welding preparing.
- Sanitary Welded steel tube applied in programmed welding preparing, however ought not utilize metal materials as filler.
- Sanitary Heavily cold worked (HCW) tubes will be produced by chilly working of at the very least 35% decrease of thickness of both divider and weld to a welded pipe before the last strengthen. The Stainless Steel Welded Sanitary Tubing will be 100% radio graphically assessed as per ASME kettle and pressing factor vessel principles particular.
- Sanitary Tube could be outfitted with hot completed or cold completed at Manufacture's choice.
Tempered Steel Sanitary container, all things considered, should supply after hot treatment. But the for duplex treated steel material S32003, S320205, S31803, S32750, N08926 and N08367, in these cases it will comprise of warming the material to a base temperature 1040 ℃ (1900 ℉) and extinguishing in water or fast cooling by different methods. As a biggest investor of SS Sanitary Tubing incorporates grades Stainless Steel 304L Sanitary Tube, Stainless Steel 316 Sanitary Tube, Stainless steel 316L Sanitary Tube and Stainless Steel 201 Sanitary Tube those are utilized in different indutsrial applications.
WE STOCK BELOW GRADES OF SS TUBES
STAINLESS STEEL 201/202 | STAINLESS STEEL 304/304L/304H | STAINLESS STEEL 309/309S | STAINLESS STEEL 310 | STAINLESS STEEL 316/316L/316TI | STAINLESS STEEL 317L | STAINLESS STEEL 321 | STAINLESS STEEL 347 | STAINLESS STEEL 410 | STAINLESS STEEL 430 | STAINLESS STEEL 904L
STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBE SPECIFICATION:
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Type |
Seamless and Welded Austenitic and Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing |
Stainless Steel Saniatry Tube ASTM |
ASTM A270 / ASME SA 270 |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube OD. |
1/2” |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Wall |
16 Gauge (0.065") |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Length |
20′ |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube OD Tolerance |
+/-0.005” / +/-0.13MM |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube WT Tolerance |
+/-10% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Length Tolerance |
+1/8” / +3.18MM |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Material |
SS 304, SS 304L,SS 316,SS 316L |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Standard |
3A / ASTM A270 / A270M |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Finish |
20Ra ID / 32Ra OD |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Polish |
Mechanical Polished |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Type |
Seamless |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Certification |
3A – Food / Dairy Grade |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Mill Test Certificate |
EN10204 3.1 |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Packing |
Sleeved, Ends Capped, Wooden Boxed |
STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBE DIMENSIONS / STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBE SIZES CHART:
Tube OD |
Product Type |
Thikness |
Grade
|
1/2 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
304 |
1/2 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
316 |
3/4 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
304 |
3/4 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
316 |
1 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
304 |
1 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
316 |
1 1/2 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
304 |
1 1/2 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
316 |
2 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
304 |
2 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
316 |
2 1/2 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
304 |
2 1/2 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
316 |
3 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
304 |
3 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.065 |
316 |
4 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.083 |
304 |
4 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.083 |
316 |
6 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.109 |
304 |
6 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.109 |
316 |
8 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.109 |
304 |
8 |
SS Sanitary Tube |
0.109 |
316 |
STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBE PRESSURE RATING:
AVE. WALL INCHES |
MIN YIELD STRENGTH (PSI) |
MIN TENSILE STRENGTH (PSI) |
THEORETICAL BURST PRESSURE * (PSI) |
WORKING PRESSURE (PSI) 25% OF BURST |
THEORETICAL YIELD POINT ** (PSI) |
COLLAPSE PRESSURE *** (PSI) |
0.250 |
0.020 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
14,286 |
3,571 |
5,714 |
4,416 |
0.250 |
0.028 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
21,649 |
5,412 |
8,660 |
5,967 |
0.250 |
0.035 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
29,167 |
7,292 |
11,667 |
7,224 |
0.250 |
0.049 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
48,355 |
12,089 |
19,342 |
9,455 |
0.250 |
0.065 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
81,250 |
20,313 |
32,500 |
11,544 |
0.375 |
0.020 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
8,955 |
2,239 |
3,582 |
3,029 |
0.375 |
0.028 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
13,166 |
3,292 |
5,266 |
4,145 |
0.375 |
0.035 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
17,213 |
4,303 |
6,885 |
5,077 |
0.375 |
0.049 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
26,534 |
6,634 |
10,614 |
6,816 |
0.375 |
0.065 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
39,796 |
9,949 |
15,918 |
8,597 |
0.500 |
0.020 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
6,522 |
1,630 |
2,609 |
2,304 |
0.500 |
0.028 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
9,459 |
2,365 |
3,784 |
3,172 |
0.500 |
0.035 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
12,209 |
3,052 |
4,884 |
3,906 |
0.500 |
0.049 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
18,284 |
4,571 |
7,313 |
5,304 |
0.500 |
0.065 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
26,351 |
6,588 |
10,541 |
6,786 |
0.500 |
0.083 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
37,275 |
9,319 |
14,910 |
8,307 |
0.625 |
0.020 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
5,128 |
1,282 |
2,051 |
1,859 |
0.625 |
0.028 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
7,381 |
1,845 |
2,953 |
2,568 |
0.625 |
0.035 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
9,459 |
2,365 |
3,784 |
3,172 |
0.625 |
0.049 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
13,947 |
3,487 |
5,579 |
4,335 |
0.625 |
0.065 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
19,697 |
4,924 |
7,879 |
5,591 |
0.625 |
0.083 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
27,124 |
6,781 |
10,850 |
6,910 |
0.625 |
0.095 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
32,759 |
8,190 |
13,103 |
7,734 |
0.625 |
0.109 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
40,172 |
10,043 |
16,069 |
8,639 |
0.750 |
0.028 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
6,052 |
1,513 |
2,421 |
2,156 |
0.750 |
0.035 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
7,721 |
1,930 |
3,088 |
2,669 |
0.750 |
0.049 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
11,273 |
2,818 |
4,509 |
3,664 |
0.750 |
0.065 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
15,726 |
3,931 |
6,290 |
4,749 |
0.750 |
0.083 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
21,318 |
5,330 |
8,527 |
5,905 |
0.750 |
0.095 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
25,446 |
6,362 |
10,179 |
6,637 |
0.750 |
0.109 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
30,733 |
7,683 |
12,293 |
7,453 |
0.750 |
0.120 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
35,294 |
8,824 |
14,118 |
8,064 |
0.875 |
0.020 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
3,593 |
898 |
1,437 |
1,340 |
0.875 |
0.028 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
5,128 |
1,282 |
2,051 |
1,859 |
0.875 |
0.035 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
6,522 |
1,630 |
2,609 |
2,304 |
0.049 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
9,459 |
2,365 |
3,784 |
3,172 |
0.875 |
0.065 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
13,087 |
3,272 |
5,235 |
4,126 |
0.875 |
0.083 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
17,560 |
4,390 |
7,024 |
5,152 |
0.875 |
0.095 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
20,803 |
5,201 |
8,321 |
5,807 |
0.875 |
0.109 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
24,886 |
6,221 |
9,954 |
6,543 |
0.875 |
0.120 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
28,346 |
7,087 |
11,339 |
7,100 |
1.000 |
0.028 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
4,449 |
1,112 |
1,780 |
1,633 |
1.000 |
0.035 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
5,645 |
1,411 |
2,258 |
2,027 |
1.000 |
0.049 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
8,149 |
2,037 |
3,259 |
2,796 |
1.000 |
0.065 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
11,207 |
2,802 |
4,483 |
3,647 |
1.000 |
0.083 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
14,928 |
3,732 |
5,971 |
4,567 |
1.000 |
0.095 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
17,593 |
4,398 |
7,037 |
5,159 |
1.000 |
0.109 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
20,908 |
5,227 |
8,363 |
5,827 |
1.000 |
0.120 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
23,684 |
5,921 |
9,474 |
6,336 |
1.000 |
0.134 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
27,459 |
6,865 |
10,984 |
6,963 |
1.250 |
0.035 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
4,449 |
1,112 |
1,780 |
1,633 |
1.250 |
0.049 |
30,000 |
75,000 |
6,380 |
1,595 |
2,552 |
2,260 |
STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBE DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES:
TUBE |
SIZE OD |
|
NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS |
|
OUTSIDE DIAMETER TOLERANCE |
|
LENGTH TOLERANCE |
|
WALL THICKNESS TOLERANCE |
|
(in) |
(mm) |
(in) |
(mm) |
(in) |
(mm) |
(in) |
(mm) |
(%) |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
½ |
12.7 |
0.065 |
1.65 |
+/-0.005 |
+/-0.13 |
+⅛, -0 |
+3.18, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
¾ |
19.1 |
0.065 |
1.65 |
+/-0.005 |
+/-0.13 |
+⅛, -0 |
+3.18, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
1 |
25.4 |
0.065 |
1.65 |
+/-0.005 |
+/-0.13 |
+⅛, -0 |
+3.18, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
1½ |
38.1 |
0.065 |
1.65 |
+/-0.008 |
+/-0.20 |
+⅛, -0 |
+3.18, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
2 |
50.8 |
0.065 |
1.65 |
+/-0.008 |
+/-0.20 |
+⅛, -0 |
+3.18, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
2½ |
63.5 |
0.065 |
1.65 |
+/-0.010 |
+/-0.25 |
+⅛, -0 |
+3.18, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
3 |
76.2 |
0.065 |
1.65 |
+/-0.010 |
+/-0.25 |
+⅛, -0 |
+3.18, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
4 |
101.6 |
0.083 |
2.11 |
+/-0.015 |
+/-0.38 |
+⅛, -0 |
+3.18, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
6 |
152.4 |
0.109 |
2.77 |
+/-0.030 |
+/-0.76 |
+1, -0 |
+25.4, -0 |
+/-10.0% |
STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
The below table shows the chemical composition of the used for Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube
STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBE GRADES |
UNS |
C |
Mn |
P |
S |
Si |
Cr |
Ni |
Mo |
Ti |
Nb |
N |
TP304 |
S30400 |
0.08 |
2 |
0.045 |
0.03 |
1 |
18.0-20.0 |
8.0-11.0 |
|
|
|
|
TP304L |
S30403 |
0.035 |
2 |
0.045 |
0.03 |
1 |
18.0-20.0 |
8.0-13.0 |
|
|
|
|
TP316 |
S3160 |
0.08 |
2 |
0.045 |
0.03 |
1 |
16.0-18.0 |
11.0-14.0 |
2.0-3.0 |
|
|
|
TP316L |
S31603 |
0.035 |
2 |
0.045 |
0.03 |
1 |
16.0-18.0 |
10.0-14.0 |
2.0-3.0 |
|
|
STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
Material |
Heat |
Temperure |
Tensile Strength |
Yield Strength |
Elongation %, Min |
Treatment |
Min. |
Ksi (MPa), Min. |
Ksi (MPa), Min. |
|
º F(º C) |
|
|
TP304 |
Solution |
1900 (1040) |
75(515) |
30(205) |
35 |
TP304L |
Solution |
1900 (1040) |
70(485) |
25(170) |
35 |
TP316 |
Solution |
1900(1040) |
75(515) |
30(205) |
35 |
TP316L |
Solution |
1900(1040) |
70(485) |
25(170) |
35 |
STAINLESS STEEL SANITARY TUBING EQUIVALENT GRADES:
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube 304 | S30400 | 1.4301 |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube 304L | S30403 | 1.4306 |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube 316 | S31600 | 1.4436 |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube 316L | S31603 | 1.4404 |
AVAILABLE STOCK OF SS SANITARY TUBE:
Stainless Steel Seamless Sanitary Tube Supplier |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing for Food Grade |
Seamless Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
High Polished Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Trader |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Manufacturer in India |
Stainless Steel Welded Sanitary Tube Exporter |
304 Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
316L Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Hollow Sections |
ASTM A270 TP304 Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
Stainless Steel Bright Annealed Sanitary Tube |
ASTM A270 TP304L Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Manufacturer |
Stainless Steel 201 Sanitary Tubes Supplier |
316 Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
Stainless Steel 202 Sanitary Tube Manufacturer in India |
ASTM A270 TP304/304L Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
SS Sanitary Tube Manufacturer in India |
ASTM A270 TP316 Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
Sanitary Type 304 Stainless Steel Tube supplier |
ASTM A270 TP316L Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
stainless steel Sanitary tubing stockist |
ASTM A270 TP201 Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
Mirror Polished stainless steel Sanitary tube Supplier |
ASTM A270 TP316/316L Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
high polished stainless steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
3A Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Manufacturer in India |
stainless steel sanitary tube Importer |
ASME BPE Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
8 inch stainless steel sanitary tube Supplier |
ISO / SMS Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
Sanitary stainless steel tube Exporter |
BS 4825 Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
Stainless steel Sanitary tubing Supplier |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Weight per meter |
12 stainless steel Sanitary Tube Supplier |
Weight of Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube |
1/2 inch stainless steel Sanitary tubing Supplier |
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tube Price in India |
Countries we Export
Metal Ministry Inc Exports Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tubes to United States of America, Russia, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, UAE, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Tanzania, Uganda, Algeria, Sudan, Morocco, Angola, Mozambique, Ghana, Cameroon, Cote D`lvoire, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Malawi, Zambia, Senegal, Chad, Somalia, Zimbabwe, Guinea, Rwanda, Benin, Brundi, Tunisia, South Sudan, Togo, Sierra Leone, Libya, Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Eritrea, Namibia, Gambia, Botswana, Gabon, Lesotho, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritius, Eswatini, Djibouti, Comoros, Cabo Verde, Seychelles, Reunion, Western Sahara, Mayotte, Saint Helena, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, Cyprus, East Timor, Georgia, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Palestine, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Taiwan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Vatican City, Antigua & Barbuda, Anguilla, The Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Island, Canada, Cayman Island, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Greenland, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Navassa Island, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad & Tobago, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, Australia, Fiji, Marshall Island, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands & Tuvalu.
CITIES WE SUPPLY:
Metal Ministry Inc Supplies Commercially Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tubes to Agartala, Agra, Agra Rampur, Ahmedabad, Aizawl, Ajmer, Aligarh, Allahabad, Alwar, Amaravati, Ambala, Ambattur, Ambernath, Amravati, Amritsar, Aurangabad, Bangalore, Bareilly, Belgaum, Bhagalpur, Bhavnagar, Bhilai, Bhiwandi, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Bidhannagar, Biharsharif, Bikaner, Bilaspur, Bokaro, Chandigarh, Chennai, Chittoor, Coimbatore, Cuttack, Dahod, Davanegere, Dehradun, Delhi, Dhanbad, Dharamsala, Dindigul, Diu, Durgapur, Erode, Faridabad, Fatehpur, Gandhidham, Gandhinagar, Ghaziabad, Greater Hyderabad, Greater Mumbai, Greater Warangal, Gurgaon, Guwahati, Gwalior, Haldia, Howrah, Hubballi-Dharwad, Hyderabad, Imphal, Indore, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Jalandhar, Jammu, Jamnagar, Jamshedpur, Jhansi, Jodhpur, Junagadh, Kakinada, Kalyan-Dombivali, Kanpur, Karnal, Kavaratti, Kochi, Kohima , Kolhapur, Kolkata, Kota , Lucknow, Ludhiana, Madurai , Mehsana, Mangalore, Mangaluru, Mira-Bhayandar, Moradabad, Morbi, Mumbai, Muzaffarpur, Mysore, Nagpur, Namchi, Nasik, Navi Mumbai, NDMC, Nellore, New Delhi, New Town Kolkata, Noida, Oulgaret, Pali, Panaji, Panipat, Panvel, Pasighat, Patiala, Patna, Pimpri-Chinchwad, Port Blair, Puducherry, Pune, Raipur, Rajkot, Raipur, Raurkela Industrial Township, Rourkela, Sagar, Salem, Satna, Secunderabad, Shaharanpur, Shillong, Siliguri, Silvassa, Solapur, Srinagar, Surat, Thane, Thanjavur, Thiruvananthapuram, Thoothukudi, Thrissur, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli, Tirupur, Tumkur, Udaipur, Ujjain, Ulhasnagar, Vadodara, Vapi, Varanasi, Vasai-Vasai-Virar, Vellore, Vishakhapatnam.
To buy online, Or get price of Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tubes send us an email on enquiry@metalministry.in or Call/WhatsApp on +91-9892171042 for quick quote & response. Stainless Steel Pharma Sanitary Tubes are supplied in Relevant standards as per customer requirements & Mill TC from Indian, USA, South African, Russian, German & European Mills only.